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Austral Blackbird Curaeus curaeus Scientific name definitions

Rosendo Fraga
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated January 1, 2011

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Introduction

Ecologically in the southern temperate forests and Matorral habitats, the Austral Blackbird has a role similar to that of jays in the northern hemisphere. They are found in small flocks, and usually within the forest itself. They are not an open country blackbird at all. They like forest, forest edge, or shrubby slopes. They forage both in the foliage and limbs, but also drop to the forest floor at times. They are particularly fond of nectar, and often feed on the flowers of Puya spp. in parts of their range, these plants and others they visit often cover their faces in saffron colored pollen creating a striking yellow-headed look that can confuse the novice observer. The breeding behavior of this blackbird has not been studied, but it would not be surprising to find out that this species is one which has helpers at the nest. This has been suggested, but not confirmed. Vocally, this is a rather melodious blackbird and has a relatively complex song for an all-black icterid.

Field Identification

Male average 26·8 cm and 83·3 g, female average 82·9 g (nominate, SW Argentina); male 114·6 g, female 99·1 g (reynoldsi). A large blackbird with long bill noticeably flattened on culmen ridge. Plumage is entirely black with slight bluish gloss, feathers of crown and nape somewhat lanceo­lated; iris dark brown; bill and legs black. Differs from superficially similar Molothrus bonariensis mainly in larger size, pointed bill shape, duller black colour. Sexes similar. Juvenile is duller and more brownish than adult. Race reynoldsi is larger and narrower-billed than nominate.

Systematics History

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

Similar in aspect and behaviour to Gnorimopsar chopi, but molecular data suggest closer relationship with quite different Amblyramphus holosericeus. Geographical variation partly clinal, body mass increasing N–S. Proposed race recurvirostris (described from Riesco I, in S Chile), resembling reynoldsi but supposedly with slightly recurved bill, requires further study, as observers have not reported peculiarities in bill shape. Two subspecies recognized.

Subspecies


SUBSPECIES

Curaeus curaeus curaeus Scientific name definitions

Distribution

C and S Chile from Coquimbo (rarely Atacama) S, including Chiloé I and most islands along coast, to Straits of Magellan, and SW Argentina (Neuquén S along Andes to Santa Cruz).

SUBSPECIES

Curaeus curaeus recurvirostris Scientific name definitions

Distribution

S Chile (Magellanes)

SUBSPECIES

Curaeus curaeus reynoldsi Scientific name definitions

Distribution

S Chile and extreme S Argentina (Tierra del Fuego and nearby islands).

Distribution

Editor's Note: Additional distribution information for this taxon can be found in the 'Subspecies' article above. In the future we will develop a range-wide distribution article.

Habitat

Mesic Mediterranean-type scrub and woodland in C Chile, mostly in valley bottoms, also open evergreen or deciduous Nothofagus woodland, usually at edges or in clearings, farther S; also lakeshores and sea beaches, pastures, pine (Pinus) plantations and agricultural fields. In Argentina confined to Nothofagus forest and its surroundings, but even there seldom seen in continuous unbroken forest. In N half of Tierra del Fuego found in humid steppes. Sea-level to 1500 m.

Movement

Largely resident. Some movement apparent; nominate race recorded as accidental in S Mendoza (WC Argentina) and on Atlantic coast of Patagonia (Puerto Deseado).

Diet and Foraging

Omnivorous, consuming insects, aquatic invertebrates, small vertebrates, seeds, fruits, some nectar (from the bromeliad Puya). Aquatic invertebrates taken include shrimps (Decapoda), small vertebrates include small rodents, and bird eggs and nestlings; feeds on seeds of cultivated cereals, e.g. maize (Zea mays) and wheat, and takes both wild fruits (such as Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis) and cultivated ones (cherries, grapes, apricots). Stomach contents included beetles (Coleoptera), moth caterpillars (Lepidoptera) and grass seeds. Picks chicken food in poultry yards, and household food scraps around houses and barns. Forages mostly on the ground, including on rocky seashores in S Chile. Probes into leaf litter; also finds prey items under pieces of bark and small stones lying on ground. Usually in groups of six to c. 20 individuals.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Song distinctive, a slow repetition of trills and hollow squeaky whistles mixed with “koo-ree-teeoo” call, phrases repeated slowly with clear pauses between them. A common call is a distinctive nasal, but not harsh, “koo-ree-teeoo” or “kooree-tee”, often repeated. Much group calling and singing.

Breeding

Season Oct–Dec; three nests in Argentina (Victoria I, on L Nahuel Huapi) contained incubated eggs or recently hatched chicks in mid-Dec. Solitary nester, apparently monogamous. Some co-operative breeding. Nest a bulky cup of plant material e.g. twigs, grass stems, bamboo leaves, etc., mixed with some mud, lining of finer material, three nests from Victoria I had external diameter 20–25 cm and internal diameter 11 cm, internal depth 7 cm, placed 1·5–3 m above ground in dense vegetation in low tree or shrub, including native Chusquea bamboo and introduced plants e.g. European briar (Rosa rubiginosa), elmleaf blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) or common broom (Cytisus scoparius). Clutch 3–6 eggs, pale bluish with few black spots and scrawls around large end, sometimes unmarked, mean dimensions 30·2 × 21 mm; no information on incubation and nestling periods, nor on roles of sexes (female has brood patch, presumably incubates); at least six individuals (three colour-ringed) observed to feed chicks at one nest on Victoria I; fledglings fed by several group-members. Not reported as host of Molothrus bonariensis, suggesting some effective anti-parasite defences.
Not globally threatened. Common and widespread in much of range; less common in Tierra del Fuego. Tolerates, and even benefits from, moderate transformations of natural landscape. Found in many protected areas, including Puyehue and Vincente Pérez Rosales National Parks (Chile) and Lanín, Nahuel Huapi, Los Alerces and Los Glaciares National Parks (S Argentina).
Distribution of the Austral Blackbird - Range Map
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Distribution of the Austral Blackbird

Recommended Citation

Fraga, R. (2020). Austral Blackbird (Curaeus curaeus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ausbla1.01
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