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Blue-backed Conebill Conirostrum sitticolor Scientific name definitions

Steven Hilty
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated January 1, 2011

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Introduction

The Blue-backed Conebill is a rather widely distributed Conirostrum of the Andean region, it being found from western Venezuela south, principally over the east slope, to west-central Bolivia. It is usually found at elevations between 2500 and 3500 m, in montane forest and its borders. The species is usually found in pairs or small (presumably family) groups that regularly join mixed-species foraging flocks, wherein it draws the observer’s attention not only for its attractive plumage but their habit of perching in the open. The sexes are basically identical, distinguished from other conebills by their very clear-cut patterned plumage, being deep, bright blue above as far as the nape and (in some regions) the post-ocular supercilium, with a deep black crown, face and throat, and otherwise rufous-red underparts. The bill is typical of the genus, being sharply pointed.

Field Identification

13 cm; 9·6–13·7 g (Colombia). Small, high-elevation conebill with dark head and throat, blue back and rich rufous lower underparts; rather narrow, sharply pointed and conical bill. Nominate race has entire head, neck and throat black (in S part of range, with narrow blue postocular stripe extending to nape); nape and upperparts deep blue; tail blackish, feathers narrowly edged blue (obscurely on inner feathers); lesser upperwing-coverts light blue, median coverts dusky, broadly edged blue, greater coverts blackish, edged blue; primary coverts black, flight-feathers blackish, narrowly edged blue (inconspicuous), tertials black, more broadly edged blue; chest to undertail-coverts deep ferruginous; iris dark brown; bill black; legs blackish. Sexes alike. Immature is duller grey-blue on back and throat than adult. Race intermedium is much like nominate, but with prominent blue stripe extending rearwards from eye to join blue of nape and upperparts; pallidum differs in having blue postocular stripe faint and underparts rufous (paler than other races); cyaneum has blue eyestripe longer, extending anteriorly to above eye, and throat and chest dark blue.

Systematics History

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

Subspecies cyaneum has a longer blue supercilium than that of other races (1) and dark blue vs blackish throat to breast (2), but does not differ in voice (1) and intergrades with nominate (2). Four subspecies recognized.

Subspecies


SUBSPECIES

Conirostrum sitticolor intermedium Scientific name definitions

Distribution

Andes in Venezuela (Trujillo, Mérida and N Táchira).

SUBSPECIES

Conirostrum sitticolor sitticolor Scientific name definitions

Distribution

Andes in Venezuela (S Táchira), and from Colombia S to N Peru (Piura, Cajamarca and Amazonas).

SUBSPECIES

Conirostrum sitticolor cyaneum Scientific name definitions

Distribution

Andes of Peru (from Huánuco) S to Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba and W Santa Cruz).

Distribution

Editor's Note: Additional distribution information for this taxon can be found in the 'Subspecies' article above. In the future we will develop a range-wide distribution article.

Habitat

Humid montane forest, forest borders, and stunted elfin woodland up to tree-line. At 2550–3500 m (sightings to 2300 m) in Venezuela, 2600–3700 m in Colombia, mostly 2500–3500 m (once to 3800 m) in Ecuador, and at similar elevations in Peru and Bolivia; most numerous near tree-line or slightly below.

Movement

Apparently resident.

Diet and Foraging

Mainly insectivorous. Occurs in active pairs and in small groups, most often with mixed-species flocks containing other tanagers, small tyrant-flycatchers (Tyrannidae) and New World warblers (Parulidae). A quintessential “gleaner” of minute items from axils of stiff, dense whorls of leaves and on twig and other leaf surfaces, which it finds by peering downwards or stretching upwards to overhead surfaces. Hops in dense foliage, also hangs upside-down to probe moss, and occasionally executes short sallies to air. Frequently forages and sings from fairly exposed sites, and not particularly difficult to see.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Song, mostly at dawn, fast and energetic, a high-pitched, highly complex, bubbly jumble of chipping and twittering notes rather like that of some congeners and some Diglossa, e.g. rapid “chipapita-chipapita, jeet, chipapita...”, repetitious and somewhat musical, lasting for up to six seconds, and sometimes given over and over again with only brief pauses. Call include an insignificant high “tsi” and “sew”.

Breeding

In Colombia, fledglings in Nov and Jan (Cundinamarca and Cauca), juveniles/immatures in Feb, Jul, Sept and Oct (Andes) and two breeding-condition birds in Feb and Jul, respectively (C Andes); fledglings and juveniles in Jul and Aug in Ecuador, in Apr, Jun, Oct and Nov in Peru, and in Sept and Oct in Bolivia. No other information.

Not globally threatened (Least Concern). Uncommon to fairly common. Can be found in numerous protected areas, among them Sierra Nevada and Tamá National Parks (Venezuela), Chingaza, Puracé, Los Nevados (Tolima) and Nevado de Huila National Parks (Colombia), Cajas, Sangay and Podocarpus National Parks (Ecuador), Tingo Maria and Manu Parks (Peru), and Madidi National Park (Bolivia). This species’ range also includes a considerable extent of suitable habitat that is not protected, but is at relatively low risk in the short term. Most serious long-term risk is deforestation.

Distribution of the Blue-backed Conebill - Range Map
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  • Year-round
  • Migration
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Distribution of the Blue-backed Conebill

Recommended Citation

Hilty, S. (2020). Blue-backed Conebill (Conirostrum sitticolor), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blbcon1.01
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