- Nicaraguan Grackle
 - Nicaraguan Grackle
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Nicaraguan Grackle Quiscalus nicaraguensis Scientific name definitions

Rosendo Fraga
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated January 1, 2011

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Introduction

Nicaraguan Grackle is in fact restricted to the border region between northernmost Costa Rica and southernmost Nicaragua, where it is found around Lakes Nicaragua and Managua, as well as in cattle pastures. Indeed, with the increase in livestock in this region, the grackle’s numbers also appear to have been positively affected. This relatively small but long-legged grackle is sexually dimorphic. Males are all black with a turquoise gloss to the head, breast, and upper back, becoming purple over the rest of the body, and greenish over the wings. In contrast, females are brown above, with darker wings, and largely buff below, becoming darker brown posteriorly; there is also a pale supercilium. Both sexes have yellowish irides, and in flight the rather narrow, long, graduated tail can be fully appreciated. Like other grackle species, Nicaraguan Grackle usually forages on the ground, sometimes in the company of other icterids.

Field Identification

Male 29 cm, 94 g; female 24 cm, 58 g. Male is black with marked violet and green gloss, gloss more violaceous on underparts, tail-coverts and tail; tail long and strongly keeled; iris pale yellow; bill long and thin, black; legs black. Distinguished from sympatric Q. mexicanus mainly by obviously smaller size. Female is smaller than male, upperparts dull brown, darkest on wings and tail; side of head dull brown contrasting with long pale, dull buffy superciliary and with pale underparts; submoustachial area, chin and throat very pale, dull buffy, becoming buff on breast and most of belly, deeper and richer on breast, paler on belly, dark brown on thigh, rearmost flanks, vent and undertail-coverts. Juvenile is grey-brown, paler below, with darker mottling; immature male is similar to adult, but duller and more brownish, with little gloss.

Systematics History

Monotypic.

Subspecies

Monotypic.

Distribution

S Nicaragua (shores of L Managua and L Nicaragua) and adjacent N Costa Rica (L Caño Negro, on R Frío).

Habitat

Open lakeshores, riverbanks, marshes and wet cattle pastures.

Movement

Apparently resident. Possibly some short seasonal movements.

Diet and Foraging

Feeds on wild seeds, also insects and other arthropods; probably also small vertebrates. Forages mostly on ground. Follows grazing cattle, and turns over small stones, debris and cow dung to find hidden prey; picks prey items from water surface. Commonly forages in small flocks, often with other icterids such as Molothrus aeneus and Agelaius phoeniceus; occupies peripheral positions when in mixed-species foraging flocks with Q. mexicanus.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Song by male during display a series of accelerated ascending whistles, also a descending “kleeep” during “Song Spread” display; less varied and higher-pitched than song of Q. mexicanus. Calls include nasal “jep” and dry “jik”; also an ascending “wah-ee”, like a call of Q. mexicanus.

Breeding

Season Mar–Sept (Costa Rica). Monogamous or polygynous. Breeds in small colonies, with up to ten nests together in trees and shrubs near water. In “Song Spread” display, male lowers head, erects body feathers, and spreads wings and tail while singing. Nest built by female, a coarsely constructed cup-shaped structure made from strips of marsh plants e.g. sedges and grasses, also with rootlets. Clutch 2–3 eggs, pale blue with dark to black spots and scrawls, mostly at large end, mean dimensions 26·5 × 18·7 mm; incubation by female alone, chicks fed by both sexes; no information on duration of incubation and nestling periods.
Not globally threatened. Restricted-range species: present in Lake Nicaragua Marshes Secondary Area. Uncommon to locally common. Relatively poorly known. Estimated extent of distribution c. 7000 km²; fieldwork required in order more accurately to determine status. Adapts to moderate habitat disturbance.
Distribution of the Nicaraguan Grackle - Range Map
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Distribution of the Nicaraguan Grackle

Recommended Citation

Fraga, R. (2020). Nicaraguan Grackle (Quiscalus nicaraguensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.nicgra1.01
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