- Western Miombo Sunbird
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Western Miombo Sunbird Cinnyris gertrudis Scientific name definitions

Josep del Hoyo, Nigel Collar, and Guy M. Kirwan
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated March 3, 2019

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Field Identification

10·5–12·5 cm; 6·6–8·8 g. Rather similar to previously conspecific C. manoensis. Adult male has uppertail-coverts greyish or narrowly tipped glossy green (without blue or violet), less blue in green of upperparts, narrower red breastband (7–11·5 mm vs. 10–13·5 mm), and underparts paler grey with longer and more profuse yellow pectoral tufts (extending well beyond breastband and wing bend), and bill shorter and finer than nominate (see Taxonomy above). Adult female differs from same plumage of C. manoensis appears much less greyish overall, with head, body and wings having a more blackish wash, particularly obvious against the strikingly white underwing-coverts. Juvenile similar to adult female but more olive and underparts strongly washed yellow, with young male gains adult dress only at end of third year, until when retains many dull olive feathers above and on breast, red and blue breastbands are irregular, and no white on tail.

Systematics History

Formerly considered conspecific with C. chalybeus, and until recently with C. manoensis. Occurs in parapatry with C. manoensis along Muchinga Escarpment in Zambia, occupying pure miombo, with manoensis found more towards rocky edge habitat with aloes: differs (1) in its narrower breastband (1); longer yellow pectoral tufts (1); matt mouse-brown vs metallic violet uppertail-coverts (3); smaller overall size (mean male weight 7.7 g vs 9.8) and shorter bill (mean male 19.68 mm vs 23.49) (allow 2); song ending with long descending trill vs none (at least 2); nest made of lichen vs grass (1); plus parapatric distribution (3). Until recently name listed as pintoi (as in HBW), but this is a junior subjective synonym of gertrudis (1). Monotypic.

Subspecies

Monotypic.

Distribution

C Angola, S DRCongo, W & C Tanzania, Zambia (W of Luangwa rift) and N Malawi (N of Ntchisi).

Habitat

Miombo woodland, savanna, riverine woodland, gardens and parks; also found in Cryptosepalum forest and Marquesia thickets in Zambia, and is particularly common at the ecotone between miombo woodland and strips of gallery forest in NW of latter country. Mainly at 600–1800 m, but in N Malawi and NE Zambia recorded to 2050–2100 m, to 1915 m in S DR Congo and to 1830 m in Tanzania.

Movement

Resident in some areas. Shifts to seek flowering plants, with some local seasonal movements suspected in Zambia.

Diet and Foraging

Diet apparently unrecorded, although presumably similar to that of formerly conspecific C. manoensis. Foraging behaviour reportedly similar.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Song described as a rambling ‘squibble’ similar to many sunbirds (especially other Cinnyris spp., including C. manoensis), but differs from the latter in its highly characteristic drawn-out and descending trill at the end of the song phrase, which is consistent throughout its range and is never given by C. manoensis, which has a slower and less rambling song, incorporating strident whistles, some of which are glissandi, but incorporated within the phrases, not at their finales. Furthermore, the vocalizations of C. manoensis usually seem louder and more far-carrying then those of present species. No differences in call notes known.

Breeding

Egg-laying recorded in Sept in Tanzania, Aug–Nov (mainly Sept) in Zambia, and in May–Nov and Jan–Feb, with nestbuilding also recorded in Mar, in Malawi (this dataset unquestionably also includes records of C. manoensis). Male displays include swinging upside-down on perch while singing to female carrying nest material; partners perform pivoting actions and face-to-face bowing on perch. Pear-shaped or spherical nest constructed almost exclusively of Usnea lichen. Clutch 1–3 eggs (usually 1–2), in Zambia plain olive or chocolate-coloured, without overlying markings; incubation and nestling periods unknown. Undescribed form (possibly belonging to present species or C. ludovicensis, or a distinct species) has been found breeding in NE Zambia: nest made of grass; eggs pale and freckled.

Not globally threatened (Least Concern). Common in Malawi and Zimbabwe; locally common in Angola and locally very common in NW Zambia; uncommon in Tanzania. Occurs in several protected areas, e.g. East Mikumi National Park (Tanzania).

Distribution of the Miombo Sunbird (Western) - Range Map
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Distribution of the Miombo Sunbird (Western)

Recommended Citation

del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Western Miombo Sunbird (Cinnyris gertrudis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.miosun2.01
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