Painted Parakeet Pyrrhura picta Scientific name definitions

Taxonomic note: Lump. This account is a combination of multiple species accounts originally published in HBW Alive. That content has been combined and labeled here at the subspecies level. Moving forward we will create a more unified account for this parent taxon. Please consider contributing your expertise to update this account.

The Painted Parakeet is a strikingly colored resident of the coastal mountains of Venezuela, and of the lowands of northeastern South America, from southern Venezuela east across northern Brazil and the Guianas. Displaying a characteristic blue forehead and forecrown, these birds are largely green with a brown crown and brown or maroon sides of the face; whitish auriculars; and has buff and reddish brown scaling on the sides of the neck and breast. The carpal area of the wing is red, and the primaries are blue. The center of the belly and the tail are red. These parakeets inhabit humid terra firme forest, seasonally flooded forest, cloud forest, coastal sand ridge and savanna and even partly cleared areas. Painted Parakeets are generally found in flocks throughout the canopy or lower stages of forest where they forage for a wide variety of fruits, seeds and flowers, occasionally eating algae from the surface of deep pools.

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

22 cm. An overall mid-sized green parakeet  , with pale ochre eyes, greyish-black legs and feet , dull black bill  , sooty-coloured orbital skin, and plumage broadly similar to that of <em>P. picta</em> , P. subandina and P. caeruleiceps  (with all of which species it was formerly treated as being conspecific), but differs from subandina (the geographically most proximate of the Painted Parakeet complex) in having sooty (rather than blue) crown  , less red on forecrown, lores  and periorbital region, overall duller with less maroon on sides of throat, and has a notably longer bill and tail  , while compared to caeruleiceps, the present species again lacks any blue on the crown, and has only very slight red on shoulders; recently described P. caeruleiceps pantchenkoi resembles the present species in the long bill, but otherwise differs from it much as nominate caeruleiceps does. Sexes similar, and immature is presumably also like adults.

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

21 cm. Medium-sized green parakeet with bright maroon-red face, dull blue and red forehead, and scalloped buff and grey breast. Shares long deep red tail, blue primaries and dark red belly patch with several other Pyrrhura species. The carpal area is generally green, whereas it is red in P. caeruleiceps  (the geographically closest Pyrrhura) and P. picta, though some specimens of present species have odd red feathers on wing-bend (1 Joseph, L. (2000). Beginning an end to 63 years of uncertainty: the neotropical parakeets known as Pyrrhura picta and P. leucotis comprise more than two species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 150: 279–292. Close ). Further compared to the geographically more distant <em>P. picta</em> , but narrow band on forehead and lores is brownish red, with bluish-green cheeks, dark brown crown and yellowish-brown (rather than buff) ear-coverts

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

22 cm. Largely green medium-sized parakeet  with long maroon-red tail  , dark red belly patch  and bright blue primaries; has blue forecrown  becoming brown suffused blue further back, red carpal and pale grey-brown ear-coverts  . Sexes basically alike and immature also similar. Race pantchenkoi differs from nominate in that red on face also reaches above eyes and becomes browner (less red) on ear-coverts. The only Pyrrhura within its range. Most closely recalls the formerly conspecific (and geographically proximate members of P. picta complex) <em>P. eisenmanni</em> (Azuero Peninsula, Panama) and, especially, P. subandina (N Colombia), but typically these both have green carpal area, while P. eisenmanni  lacks blue in crown and has paler whitish ear-coverts, while P. subandina has blue restricted to forecrown and duller ear-coverts.

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

22–23 cm. Overall medium-sized green parakeet with blue in primaries (conspicuous in flight), red-brown rump, tail, belly and shoulders; breast has pale scale-like bars on grey-olive background; face plum-red with grey-brown nape and blue crown ; sometimes (mainly nominate race) shows red on wing-bend. Bill dusky, eyes orange to yellow. Sexes similar, and immature also basically like adult. Compared to nominate, race auricularis is overall darker green with dark grey cere  and ocular skin. Partially sympatric with P. hoematotis, but latter generally occurs at higher altitudes (1000–1700 m), and has green rump, red ear-coverts and lack of any blue on nape. Differs subtly from wholly allopatric P. griseipectus (of NE Brazil) and P. pfrimeri (C Brazil) in coloration of crown/nape and presence of creamy-buff ear-coverts patch. Also very similar to P. leucotis (of E Brazil), but P. emma shows marginally more blue in hindcrown and broader buff scaling on breast, while P. picta has strongly scalloped underparts on a darker background.

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

22–23 cm; 46–85 g. Forehead to mid-crown blue shading to deep maroon on hindcrown and nape bounded by narrow blue collar; face  maroon; bare orbital skin greyish; ear-coverts whitish ; sides of neck  and breast  buff with reddish-brown centres to feathers, producing marked scalloped effect  ; remaining underparts  green with dull red belly patch  ; upperparts  green with dull red lower back and rump, red carpal, blue in primaries  ; tail green basally, maroon distally. Sexes basically alike. Immature lacks red carpal and has whitish orbital ring. Allopatric <em>P. emma</em> (N Venezuela) has scale-like bars rather than strong scalloping on breast, and also has paler, grey-olive ground colour, while P. amazonum  (range limits between this species and present species in Amapá are inaccurately known) (2 Schunck, F., A. C. De Luca, V. Q. Piacentini, M. A. Rego, B. Rennó, and A. H. Corrêa (2011). Avifauna of two localities in the south of Amapá, Brazil, with comments on the distribution and taxonomy of some species. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19(2):93–107. Close ) has buffy, not white ear-coverts and a more restricted blue forecrown, and allopatric P. griseipectus (NE Brazil) lacks blue on the crown.

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

Part of the P. picta–leucotis complex (see under P. picta). Differs from geographically adjacent P. eisenmanni and P. caeruleiceps in characters outlined under those species. Monotypic.

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

SW Azuero Peninsula, in S Panama.

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

NW Colombia in Sinú Valley (Córdoba). Possibly extinct (14 BirdLife International (2013). IUCN Red List for birds. URL: http://www.birdlife.org (download Aug 2013). Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

S & E Venezuela S of Orinoco through the Guianas to N Brazil N of Amazon (from R Branco to Amapá).

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

Occurs in hilly areas in the mid and upper storeys of humid forest, and has been observed at forest margins and occasionally in partly cleared areas. Locally occurs to 1660 m.

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

Forested areas from near sea-level to at least 700 m, perhaps higher (15 Joseph, L. and Stockwell, D. (2002). Climatic modeling of the distribution of some Pyrrhura parakeets of northwestern South America with notes on their systematics and special reference to Pyrrhura caeruleiceps Todd, 1947. Ornitología Neotropical. 13(1): 1–8. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

Apparently rather dependent on primary forest, at elevations between 400 m and 2200 m, although the suggestion that it is much less frequently recorded in forest-agricultural mosiacs than other Pyrrhura (16 Botero-Delgadillo, E. and Páez, C.A. (2011). Estado actual del conocimiento y conservación de los loros amenazados de Colombia. Conservación Colombiana. 14: 86-151. Close ) has recently been suggested to be erroneous (17 Botero-Degadillo, E., Páez, C.A., Sanabria-Mejía, J. and Bayly, N.J. (2013). Insights into the natural history of Todd's Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps in north eastern Colombia. Ardeola. 60(2): 377–383. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

Humid and wet forest and edge, as well as adjacent clearings with scattered trees and groves. Primarily found at 250–1700 m, but occurs to sea-level in E Sucre, although it is mostly found in hilly terrain at low elevations.

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

Humid terra firme forest and edge, seasonally flooded (várzea) forest, also coastal sand-ridge and savanna forests. Tends to occupy canopy or lower stages of forest interior more than disturbed edges and second growth.

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

Has been suggested that limited elevational movements might occur, based on observations of local people (18 Delgado, F.S. (1985). A new subspecies of the Painted Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta) from Panama. Pp. 17-20 in: Buckley et al. (1985). Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

None known, and it has been suggested that the species’ capabilities have been constrained by habitat fragmentation (17 Botero-Degadillo, E., Páez, C.A., Sanabria-Mejía, J. and Bayly, N.J. (2013). Insights into the natural history of Todd's Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps in north eastern Colombia. Ardeola. 60(2): 377–383. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

Diet unknown, but reported to visit bean plantations at certain seasons (18 Delgado, F.S. (1985). A new subspecies of the Painted Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta) from Panama. Pp. 17-20 in: Buckley et al. (1985). Close ). Generally observed in small flocks of 2–3 birds up to 20 individuals, usually in the canopy  (18 Delgado, F.S. (1985). A new subspecies of the Painted Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta) from Panama. Pp. 17-20 in: Buckley et al. (1985). Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

Diet comprises fruits and flowers of c. 25 species (17 Botero-Degadillo, E., Páez, C.A., Sanabria-Mejía, J. and Bayly, N.J. (2013). Insights into the natural history of Todd's Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps in north eastern Colombia. Ardeola. 60(2): 377–383. Close ), including guava (Psidium guajava) fruits, as well as those of Trema micrantha, Ficus glabrata, Anthoxylum rhoifolium, Alchornea sp., Hibiscus sp. and a Croton sp. (19 Botero-Delgadillo, E., Páez, C.A. and Sanabria-Mejía, J. (2012). Discovery of two new localities for Todd’s Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps using distribution models: enhancing knowledge of a little known neotropical bird. Ardeola. 59(2): 237–252. Close ), Inga flowers and Cecropia peltata catkins (17 Botero-Degadillo, E., Páez, C.A., Sanabria-Mejía, J. and Bayly, N.J. (2013). Insights into the natural history of Todd's Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps in north eastern Colombia. Ardeola. 60(2): 377–383. Close ); generally in recorded in flocks  of c. 5–30 individuals (20 Tovar-Martínez, A.E. (2010). Redescubrimiento y notas sobre la ecología y vocalizaciones del Periquito de Todd (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) en el nororiente de Colombia. [Rediscovery and notes on the ecology and vocalizations of Todd’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) in northeastern Colombia]. Ornitología Colombiana. 9: 48–55. In Spanish with English summary. Close , 17 Botero-Degadillo, E., Páez, C.A., Sanabria-Mejía, J. and Bayly, N.J. (2013). Insights into the natural history of Todd's Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps in north eastern Colombia. Ardeola. 60(2): 377–383. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

Few data, but has been observed eating Ochroma flowers and nectar (21 Hilty, S. L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ) and Cecropia angustifolia fruits (22 Buitrón-Jurado, G. and Sanz, V. (2016). Notes on the diet of the endemic Red-eared Parakeet Pyrrhura hoematotis and other Venezuelan montane parrots. Ardeola. 63(2): 357-367. Close ); typically travels in small flocks of up to 32 individuals (23 Bond, R., P. Convey, C. Sharpe, and A. Varey (1989). Cambridge Columbus zoological expedition to Venezuela 1988. Unpublished report for the Cambridge Expeditions Committee, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Close ). Recorded also feeding on fruits .

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

Fruits  of Goupia glabra, Bagassa guianensis, Trema micrantha, Heisteria spruceana, Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Cordia, Protium, Alchornea, Drypetes, Mimosa, Byrsonima, Dicella, Heteropterys, Cecropia, Ficus, Psidium, Pourouma, Eugenia and Euterpe  , flowers and fruit of Cochlospermum orinocense and Symphonia globulifera, Allantoma lineata, Bertholletia excelsa, Dioclea glabra, flowers of Erythrina amazonica and seeds of Cecropia miparia.

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

Similar to P. picta, with a short “eek” note given in flight, a harsh  guttural “kleek-kleek” when perched, and a single loud “peea” is uttered by lone birds attempting to relocate their flock (18 Delgado, F.S. (1985). A new subspecies of the Painted Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta) from Panama. Pp. 17-20 in: Buckley et al. (1985). Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

Recently described: when perched utters series of “kurr, kurr, kurr, kurr” or “kirr, kirr, kirr, kirr” notes repeated for up to a minute, at 1·2–2·3 kHz or 1·3–3·2 kHz, respectively, as well as a highly penetrating “Ki-Ki-Ki-Ki...”, of 1·1–2·5 kHz, when alert (20 Tovar-Martínez, A.E. (2010). Redescubrimiento y notas sobre la ecología y vocalizaciones del Periquito de Todd (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) en el nororiente de Colombia. [Rediscovery and notes on the ecology and vocalizations of Todd’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) in northeastern Colombia]. Ornitología Colombiana. 9: 48–55. In Spanish with English summary. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

No known differences from P. leucotis, e.g. a loud, harsh “kik-kik-kik-kik” with a hard edge in flight (unlike P. hoematotis), also a Synallaxis spinetail-like “wa-Ke-Ke-Ke-ka” in anger or distress when perched (21 Hilty, S. L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

Most common call is a series of rather high-pitched, somewhat yelping notes, e.g. “kyeek kyeek kyeek” , both in flight and perched. When perched, vocabulary more varied including a more rolling “kurrek” and a subdued “kek”. In flight, individuals of a group call frequently and simultaneously, producing a noisy, harsh and piercing chattering. However, perched birds can be silent for prolonged periods.

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

In breeding condition in Jan–Feb and reported to lay eggs in Mar, with young in late Mar/Apr (early wet season); observed prospecting for nest-holes in Anacardium excelsum (18 Delgado, F.S. (1985). A new subspecies of the Painted Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta) from Panama. Pp. 17-20 in: Buckley et al. (1985). Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

Nothing known, other than birds in breeding condition Mar–Jun (24 Hilty, S. L., and W. L. Brown (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

Very poorly known, although birds in breeding condition were collected in Norte de Santander in Mar–Jun (24 Hilty, S. L., and W. L. Brown (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ) and copulation and other pre-breeding activies have been observed in late Jun, Aug (17 Botero-Degadillo, E., Páez, C.A., Sanabria-Mejía, J. and Bayly, N.J. (2013). Insights into the natural history of Todd's Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps in north eastern Colombia. Ardeola. 60(2): 377–383. Close ) and Sept (20 Tovar-Martínez, A.E. (2010). Redescubrimiento y notas sobre la ecología y vocalizaciones del Periquito de Todd (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) en el nororiente de Colombia. [Rediscovery and notes on the ecology and vocalizations of Todd’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) in northeastern Colombia]. Ornitología Colombiana. 9: 48–55. In Spanish with English summary. Close ). It has been suggested that breeding is either asynchronous in this species or that there are two peaks per year (17 Botero-Degadillo, E., Páez, C.A., Sanabria-Mejía, J. and Bayly, N.J. (2013). Insights into the natural history of Todd's Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps in north eastern Colombia. Ardeola. 60(2): 377–383. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

Season said to be May–Jul, but few other data.

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

Season Dec–Feb in the Guianas. Nest a hole in a tree. Normally 4–5 eggs in captivity.

Painted Parakeet (Azuero)

ENDANGERED. Population speculated to number only 1000–2500 mature individuals, within a global range estimated at just 700 km², and concern has been expressed that its conservation status is deteriorating due to ongoing deforestation (and conversion to pasture) especially at N & NE of the species’ range, although Cerro Hoyo National Park (created in 1984, partly in response to surveys that discovered this parakeet) appears largely intact. It is uncertain if there is any risk to the species from capture for trade.

Painted Parakeet (Sinu)

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (POSSIBLY EXTINCT). Known with certainty only from Sinú Valley in N Colombia, where recent searches have failed to find it and the species may be extinct, being known from 18 specimens collected at just four locations: Jaraquiel (08° 42’N, 75° 57’W), Quimarí (08° 07’N, 76° 23’W), Murucucú (07° 59’N, 76° 00’W), all in S Córdoba, and NW of Tierra Alta (08° 11’N, 76° 04’W) in Nazaret (15 Joseph, L. and Stockwell, D. (2002). Climatic modeling of the distribution of some Pyrrhura parakeets of northwestern South America with notes on their systematics and special reference to Pyrrhura caeruleiceps Todd, 1947. Ornitología Neotropical. 13(1): 1–8. Close ). The locations in Nazaret and Jaraquiel have apparently been deforested, mainly through conversion to agriculture (15 Joseph, L. and Stockwell, D. (2002). Climatic modeling of the distribution of some Pyrrhura parakeets of northwestern South America with notes on their systematics and special reference to Pyrrhura caeruleiceps Todd, 1947. Ornitología Neotropical. 13(1): 1–8. Close ), but small areas of apparently suitable habitat occur at Quimarí and Cerro de Murucucú, although no evidence for the continued presence of this parakeet was found in 2004–2008 during surveys of more than ten potential localities, and surveys elsewhere have also failed to find it. There have apparently been no records since 1949 (25 Hume, J. P., and M. P. Walters (2012). Extinct Birds. T. & A. D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ) BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Pyrrhura subandina. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 03/02/2015. . Population therefore considered to number no more than 50 individuals BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Pyrrhura subandina. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 03/02/2015. . Potential range is 12,304 km², of which available habitat covers 233 km² (16 Botero-Delgadillo, E. and Páez, C.A. (2011). Estado actual del conocimiento y conservación de los loros amenazados de Colombia. Conservación Colombiana. 14: 86-151. Close ). Over 98% of original habitat has been lost, making this the most threatened Colombian parrot (16 Botero-Delgadillo, E. and Páez, C.A. (2011). Estado actual del conocimiento y conservación de los loros amenazados de Colombia. Conservación Colombiana. 14: 86-151. Close ). Paramillo National Park protects some remaining habitat.

Painted Parakeet (Todd's)

ENDANGERED. Overall numbers estimated at fewer than 2500 mature individuals BirdLife International (2016) Species factsheet: Pyrrhura caeruleiceps. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 02/05/2016. . Potential distribution is calculated to be less than 8400 km²: 5400 km² in Colombia with a further 3000 km² in Venezuela (26 Botero-Delgadillo, E., Páez, C.A. and Bayly, N. (2012). Biogeography and conservation of Andean and trans-Andean populations of Pyrrhura parakeets in Colombia: modelling geographic distributions to identify independent conservation units. Bird Conservation International. 22(4): 445–461. Close ). Habitat loss is greatest threat, with an estimated 70% of the species’ original habitat in Colombia lost to cattle ranching and other clearance (26 Botero-Delgadillo, E., Páez, C.A. and Bayly, N. (2012). Biogeography and conservation of Andean and trans-Andean populations of Pyrrhura parakeets in Colombia: modelling geographic distributions to identify independent conservation units. Bird Conservation International. 22(4): 445–461. Close ), and there are concerns that P. caeruleiceps is at risk due to habitat fragmentation, it being unwilling to cross open habitats: area of occupancy in Colombia is predicted to be less than 3700 km² (19 Botero-Delgadillo, E., Páez, C.A. and Sanabria-Mejía, J. (2012). Discovery of two new localities for Todd’s Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps using distribution models: enhancing knowledge of a little known neotropical bird. Ardeola. 59(2): 237–252. Close ). Nevertheless, two new localities for the species were discovered recently in the Los Motilones Mts, Cesar department, with estimated populations of c. 90–120 and 30–65 individuals, respectively (19 Botero-Delgadillo, E., Páez, C.A. and Sanabria-Mejía, J. (2012). Discovery of two new localities for Todd’s Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps using distribution models: enhancing knowledge of a little known neotropical bird. Ardeola. 59(2): 237–252. Close ), and until 2007 the species had not been seen in Norte de Santander for c. 60 years (20 Tovar-Martínez, A.E. (2010). Redescubrimiento y notas sobre la ecología y vocalizaciones del Periquito de Todd (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) en el nororiente de Colombia. [Rediscovery and notes on the ecology and vocalizations of Todd’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps) in northeastern Colombia]. Ornitología Colombiana. 9: 48–55. In Spanish with English summary. Close ). Known from just four localities in Venezuela, all in Zulia state; very infrequently recorded in recent years, despite significant fieldwork, and therefore population suspected to be fewer than 1000 mature individuals (27 Sharpe, C.J. (2015). Perico de Todd, Pyrrhura caeruleiceps. In:. Close ). Habitat destruction in the Sierra de Perijá has also been driven by the illicit drug trade and associated enforcement operations, and conservation activities are considered likely to be significantly constrained throughout much of the range (28 Fjeldså, J., M. D. Alvarez, J. M. Lazcano, and B. León (2005). Illicit crops and armed conflict as constraints on biodiversity conservation in the Andes region. Ambio 34:205–211. Close ). Has also been recorded in the wild bird trade, and local people within the bird’s range are said to value the species as a pet (19 Botero-Delgadillo, E., Páez, C.A. and Sanabria-Mejía, J. (2012). Discovery of two new localities for Todd’s Parakeet Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps using distribution models: enhancing knowledge of a little known neotropical bird. Ardeola. 59(2): 237–252. Close ). Sierra de Perijá National Park covers most of the species’ range in Venezuela (but is poorly enforced), and the Colombian NGO ProAves has recently purchased a reserve on the other side of the border. In Colombia, suggested to be Critically Endangered (16 Botero-Delgadillo, E. and Páez, C.A. (2011). Estado actual del conocimiento y conservación de los loros amenazados de Colombia. Conservación Colombiana. 14: 86-151. Close ) or Vulnerable (26 Botero-Delgadillo, E., Páez, C.A. and Bayly, N. (2012). Biogeography and conservation of Andean and trans-Andean populations of Pyrrhura parakeets in Colombia: modelling geographic distributions to identify independent conservation units. Bird Conservation International. 22(4): 445–461. Close ) at the national level; considered nationally Endangered in Venezuela (27 Sharpe, C.J. (2015). Perico de Todd, Pyrrhura caeruleiceps. In:. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Venezuelan)

Not globally threatened (Least Concern). Endemic to the Coastal Cordillera of N Venezuela. Population trend unquantified, but species thought to be in slow decline, given trapping pressure and land-use changes BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Pyrrhura emma. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 01/01/2015. , but these are not regarded as substantial threats at present. This species is not a major target for the cage bird trade, although it is sometimes persecuted as an agricultural pest. It remains fairly common throughout and very common on the Paria Peninsula in E Sucre (23 Bond, R., P. Convey, C. Sharpe, and A. Varey (1989). Cambridge Columbus zoological expedition to Venezuela 1988. Unpublished report for the Cambridge Expeditions Committee, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Close ). Occurs in eight national parks and several nature monuments, with a ‘substantial’ population in Guatopo National Park, Miranda (29 Juniper, T., and M. Parr (1998). Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World. Pica Press, Robertsbridge, UK. Close ). It will take advantage of agricultural plots adjoining primary forest and adapts reasonably well to suburban environments, for example, visiting gardens on the outskirts of Caracas. Considered Data Deficient at the national level in Venezuela (30 Sharpe, C. J. (2008). Aves. In Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Terca edición (J. P. Rodríguez and F. Rojas-Suárez, Editors). Provita and Shell Venezuela, S. A., Caracas, Venezuela. pp. 122–157. Close ). It has recently been suggested that, due to its small range, this species may be of conservation concern; population estimates are urgently needed (22 Buitrón-Jurado, G. and Sanz, V. (2016). Notes on the diet of the endemic Red-eared Parakeet Pyrrhura hoematotis and other Venezuelan montane parrots. Ardeola. 63(2): 357-367. Close ).

Painted Parakeet (Painted)

Not globally threatened. CITES II. Common in flocks inside forest, Guianas. Suspected to lose 6·5–7·3% of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations (18 years) based on a model of Amazonian deforestation, and given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and/or trapping, it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25% over three generations, although no serious definite threat as yet to be identifie with respect to the latter threat.