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Reddish-winged Bare-eye Phlegopsis erythroptera Scientific name definitions

Kevin Zimmer and Morton L. Isler
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated January 1, 2003

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Introduction

The Reddish-winged Bare-eye is a fairly large, antbird with a bare, red periorbital patch. Within its range, this species is unmistakable and not likely to be confused with other bare-eyes. There are currently two described subspecies of the Reddish-winged Bare-eye that are isolated geographically. Considered an obligate follower of army ants, the Reddish-winged Bare-eye is rarely found away from them; however, they will consume other arthropods such as caterpillars, spiders, and cockroaches while following army ant swarms. While following army ant swarms, this species is usually found in pairs or families groups, sometimes numbering up to several dozen individuals. Rather secretive, this species is not easily seen and it will usually flush out of sight when approached. Fairly uncommon throughout its range, the Reddish-winged Bare-eye is very sensitive to human disturbance, but is not currently on any threatened species lists.

Field Identification

17–18·5 cm; 50–58 g (possibly varies by sex). Bare periorbital patch red. Male is black, except for thin white feather edges on upperparts and lesser wing-coverts, broad rufous tips of median and greater wing-coverts and tertials, rufous bases of flight-feathers, and dark reddish-brown tips of uppertail-coverts; underwing-coverts rufous-brown. Female has crown, upperparts and wing-coverts very dark reddish-brown, greater and median coverts tipped white; flight-feathers and tail blackish-brown, pale band across remiges, tertials tipped white; centre of throat white, tinged tawny; neck side down to centre of belly rufous, flanks and posterior underparts rufous-brown. Subadult male is patterned like adult male, but greyer and tinged rufous, back feathers broadly edged cinnamon-rufous, greater wing-coverts and flight-feather bases cinnamon-rufous. Race ustulata male has uppertail-coverts all black, female has wing-covert tips pale buff.

Systematics History

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

Occasionally interbreeds with P. nigromaculata. Two subspecies recognized.

Subspecies


SUBSPECIES

Phlegopsis erythroptera erythroptera Scientific name definitions

Distribution

SE Colombia (S from Meta and Guainía) and SW Venezuela (S Amazonas) S to E Ecuador, NE Peru (Loreto) and NW Amazonian Brazil (E to both banks of upper and W bank of lower R Negro).

SUBSPECIES

Phlegopsis erythroptera ustulata Scientific name definitions

Distribution

E Peru (locally on S bank of R Amazon in Loreto, and in Ucayali), SW Amazonian Brazil (Amazonas E to R Madeira) and extreme NW Bolivia (NW Pando).

Distribution

Editor's Note: Additional distribution information for this taxon can be found in the 'Subspecies' article above. In the future we will develop a range-wide distribution article.

Habitat

Understorey of humid lowland evergreen forest, to 550 m. Occurs in terra firme forest throughout range, and in W Amazonia replaced in floodplain-forest by P. nigromaculata. In upper R Negro region found in stunted woodland growing on white-sand soil (Amazonian caatinga), as well as in taller forest on richer soils; similarly, can be found in “varillal” (a very dense, stunted type of terra firme forest growing on white-sand soil) near Iquitos, in NE Peru.

Movement

Presumed resident.

Diet and Foraging

Feeds on insects and other arthropods, virtually all of which obtained when flushed by swarms of army ants. Recorded prey include orthopterans (Gryllidae, Acrididae), cockroaches (Blattidae), spiders and their egg cases, lepidopteran larvae, and larvae of ants (Formicidae). Pair-members, individuals, or family groups forage mostly below 1 m, sometimes to 3 m; occasionally, multiple pairs or family groups attend a single ant swarm, but this relatively rare compared with other obligate ant-followers; male and female of a pair often attend separate swarms; does not associate with mixed-species flocks, but often forages in presence of other species at army-ant swarms. Considered an obligate follower of army ants (mostly Eciton burchelli, but also Labidus praedator), rarely seen away from them. Roams widely in search of ants early in morning, frequently first checking raiding paths and bivouac sites from previous day; if not successful, wanders more widely, immediately investigating vocalizations of conspecifics, as well as those of other obligate ant-followers; once a nomadic swarm is located, stays with it for most or all of the day, sometimes leaving to monitor nearby statary swarms. Progresses by heavy hops and short, fluttery flights; frequently flicks tail rapidly upwards from 45 degrees below plane of body to just above it. Selects mostly slender perches 1–5 cm in diameter, and uses horizontal or inclined perches at least as often as vertical ones. Most attack manoeuvres are sallies of less than 1·5 m from perch to ground; prey seized directly from leaf litter with quick stab of the bill or by short horizontal lunge, followed by a quick hop or flight back up to another perch before ants able to counter-attack. Occasionally makes short aerial sallies after flushed prey, also sallies to or perch-gleans from foliage, vine, trunk or root surfaces; also hops on ground between columns of ants, flipping leaf litter with its bill to uncover hidden prey. Usually dominant over other obligate ant-following birds, including P. nigromaculata, which it displaces to higher perches or to periphery of swarm in areas where the two species come into contact; occupies choice foraging zones low over swarm centre. Intraspecific aggression frequent between pairs or non-mated individuals at swarms.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Loudsong a series (e.g. 5 notes, 2·7 seconds) of rich whistles, initial 3 notes becoming longer and each slightly lower in pitch, final note drops in intensity, number of notes variable (4–10), final notes sometimes becoming harsher. Calls include abrupt “chip”, and rather short (less than 0·5 seconds) sharply downslurred “chirr” of relatively constant intensity.

Breeding

Almost unknown. Short-tailed juvenile collected in Jan in Colombia (Putumayo); record of short-billed fledgling accompanied by adults on 2nd Jun in Peru (Loreto); gonadal condition of females suggests season Oct–Jun in E Ecuador. Nest and eggs not described.
Not globally threatened. Uncommon throughout its large range. Regions occupied include some large protected reserves, e.g. La Neblina National Park, in Venezuela, Yasuní National Park, in Ecuador, and Serra do Divisor, Pico da Neblina and Jaú National Parks, in Brazil; also extensive areas of intact habitat that are not formally protected, but appear to be at little risk of being developed in near future. Considered to be of high sensitivity to human disturbance.
Distribution of the Reddish-winged Bare-eye - Range Map
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  • Year-round
  • Migration
  • Breeding
  • Non-Breeding
Distribution of the Reddish-winged Bare-eye

Recommended Citation

Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Reddish-winged Bare-eye (Phlegopsis erythroptera), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rwbeye1.01
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