White-fronted Tyrannulet Phyllomyias zeledoni Scientific name definitions

Although originally described as a separate species, White-fronted Tyrannulet has, for many years, been lumped with Rough-legged Tyrannulet. Recent studies, however, have shed additional light on these two birds, and they are once again considered separate, baed on morphological, vocal, and genetic differences. White-fronted Tyrannulet has a broad distribution in southern Central America and northern South America, inhabiting the canopy of humid tropical and upper tropical evergreen forests of Costa RIca, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. It is a generally uncommon and inconspicuous tyrannulet that is predominantly olive above, with a gray cap, yellowish underparts, and two yellow wingbars. Most often a bird of the canopy, it changes perches often and may flick wings actively. Its typical vocalization is a strident pseet, which is either delivered singly or in a series.

The White-fronted Tyrannulet is a generally uncommon and inconspicuous tyrannulet that is predominantly olive above, with a gray cap, yellowish underparts, and two yellow wingbars. There is a narrow, dusky line through the eye, and a rather indistinct white supraloral streak that is widest over the lores and on the forehead, and meets on the forehead. The cheeks are indistinctly grizzled gray and white, the throat is whitish, and the eyes can be whitish tan to reddish brown. The bill is short, with a pale-pinkish mandible variably tipped dark. The underparts are a rather untidy yellow gray, becoming yellower medially. The wings are dusky with two yellow wingbars, the tertials edged with yellow. Most often a bird of the canopy, it changes perches often and may flick wings actively. Typical vocalization is a strident pseet, which is either delivered singly or in a series.

An "obscure bird, often hard to identify" (1 Ridgely, R. S., and G. Tudor (1994). The Birds of South America. Volume 2. The Suboscine Passerines. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA. Close ), although when seen well, the bumpy legs (that lent the formerly conspecific Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri) its name, are a useful identification feature. Most bluntly, similarly sized tyrannulets in range usually lack the connecting white forecrown and pale mandible of present species, and at least some show dark mark on ear coverts; however, these differences are not always apparent and much confusion can arise, particularly with other Phyllomyias, Tyrannulus, and Zimmerius tyrannulets.

The Slender-footed Tyrannulet (Zimmerius gracilipes) is similar in appearance, and theoretically could overlap broadly in range, although it favors lower elevations. It is smaller, with an all-dark bill, less red irides, less well-defined wingbars and supraloral stripe, and more grayish on the cheeks (1 Ridgely, R. S., and G. Tudor (1994). The Birds of South America. Volume 2. The Suboscine Passerines. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA. Close , 2 Parra-Hernández, R. M., and H. D. Arias-Moreno (2020) Primer registro de Phyllomyias burmeisteri para la cordillera Central de los Andes colombianos, con comentarios en su variación acústica. Ornitología Colombiana 17: eNB10. Close ). The White-fronted Tyrannulet is also slightly larger than the Slender-footed Tyrannulet , with a sharper, whiter continuous eyestripe that narrows above and behind the eye (3 Hilty, S. L., and W. L. Brown (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ).

Similarly, the Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet (Tyrannulus elatus), which also has a broad distribution, is slightly smaller, with a lighter crown, a less well-defined supraloral, grayer cheeks, and an (oft concealed) yellow patch on the crown.

The broadly distributed Forest Elaenia (Myiopagis gaimardii) is larger, with bolder streaks on the breast, less pink on the mandible, and a white crown patch (that may be concealed).

The Sooty-headed Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias griseiceps) is found from Panama to Peru, and is similar in appearance, but has a wholly dark bill and lacks wingbars.

The Yellow-olive Flatbill (Tolmomyias sulphurescens) is also broadly distributed, but is larger, with a broader bill (4 Ascanio, D., G. A. Rodriguez, and R. Restall (2017). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

The Mistletoe Tyrannulet (Zimmerius parvus) may overlap in range in Costa Rica and Panama. It has an all-dark bill and less-obvious wingbars (5 Garrigues, R., and R. Dean (2007) The birds of Costa Rica: a field guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. Close ). The formerly conspecific Venezuelan Tyrannulet (Zimmerius petersi) of coast north-central Venezuela also has an all-dark bill, and has more white above and below the eyes (4 Ascanio, D., G. A. Rodriguez, and R. Restall (2017). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

The Pale-tipped Tyrannulet (Inezia caudata), which may overlap in range in Colombia and Venezuela, has white outer rectrices and a wholly dark bill.

Also in Colombia, the leucophrys subspecies of Yellow Tyrannulet (Capsiempis flaveola) may cause confusion, as it also has a white supraloral area, two yellow wingbars, and a pale base to the mandible (sometimes subtle). The White-fronted Tyrannulet can be differentiated by its paler mandible, less yellow appearance, and whitish, not yellow throat.

The Sclater's Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias sclateri) may be confused in southern Peru (although it typically favors higher elevations), but it can be differentiated from the present species by its slatier crown, less pale mandible (although still pale at base), and more white on the forehead, wingbars, and underparts (1 Ridgely, R. S., and G. Tudor (1994). The Birds of South America. Volume 2. The Suboscine Passerines. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA. Close ).

For differences from previously conspecific Phyllomyias burmeisteri (no geographical overlap) see Systematics.

Juvenile

Juvenile resembles adult.

Definitive Basic (Adult) Plumage

The crown and hindneck are slate colored, with the upperparts olive-green. Two wingbars are present. The forehead is white, the throat is a duller white. The breast and sides are olive, with yellow undertail coverts. Sexes alike.

No information.

Bill

The maxilla is black or fuscous, with the mandible pale pink (nominate subspecies and subspecies leucogonys).

Iris and Facial Skin

Iris is reddish brown or pale sandy gray.

Tarsi and Toes

The tarsi and toes are black or fuscous.

Linear Measurements

10·7–11·5 cm.

Mass

9·8–10·8 g.

Phyllomyias zeledoni was originally described as a separate species, and was recognized as such by many (e.g., 6 Cory, C. B., and C. E. Hellmayr (1927). Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History (Zoological Series) 13(5). Close , 7 Zimmer, J. T. (1941c). Studies of Peruvian birds. No. XXXVIII. The genera Oreotriccus, Tyrannulus, Acrochordopus, Ornithion, Leptopogon, Mionectes, Pipromorpha, and Pyrocephalus. American Museum Novitates 1126:1–25. Close ) before eventually being lumped into an expanded Phyllomyias burmeisteri (8 Meyer de Schauensee, R. (1966). The species of birds of South America and their distribution. Narberth: Livingston Publishing Company/Academy of Natural Sciences. Close , 9 Meyer de Schauensee, R. (1970). A Guide to Birds of South America. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Close ). Some authors continued to recognize the two as distinct species on the basis of differences in vocalizations (10 Wetmore, A. (1972). The Birds of the Republic of Panamá. Volume 3. Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae (Woodcreepers) to Oxyruncidae (Sharpbills). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 150(3). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. Close , 11 Stiles, F. G., and A. F. Skutch (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ), but most treated the two as conspecific owing to a lack of formal analyses (e.g., 12 Dickinson, E. C., and L. Christidis, Editors (2014). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Fourth Edition. Volume 2. Aves Press, Eastbourne, UK. Close ). Recent work (13 Boesman, P. (2016). Notes on the vocalizations of Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri). HBW Alive Ornithological Note 137. In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Close , 14 Parra-Hernández, R.M. and H.D. Arias-Moreno (2019). Primer registro de Phyllomyias burmeisteri para la cordillera Central de los Andes colombianos, con comentarios en su variación acústica. Ornitología Colombiana 17: 1-7. Close , 15 Harvey, M. G., G. A. Bravo, S. Claramunt, A. M. Cuervo, G. E. Derryberry, J. Battilana, G. F. Seeholzer, J. S. McKay, B. C. O'Meara, B. C. Faircloth, S. V. Edwards, J. Pérez-Emán, R. G. Moyle, F. H. Sheldon, A. Aleixo, B. T. Smith, R. T. Chesser, L. F. Silveira, J. Cracraft, R. T. Brumfield, and E. P. Derryberry (2020). The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Science 370:1343–1348. Close , 16 Parra-Hernández, R. M., J. I. Posada-Quintero, O. Acevedo-Charry, and H. F. Posada-Quintero (2020). Uniform manifold approximation and projection for clustering taxa through vocalizations in a Neotropical passerine (Rough-legged Tyrannulet, Phyllomyias burmeisteri). Animals 10(8):1406 Close , 17 Areta, J. I., Mangini, G., Gandoy, F., and M. Pearman (2021). The nest of the Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri): phylogenetic value and the importance of taxonomic tracking of natural history data. Ornitología Neotropical, 32(1), 56-61. Close ) has shed additional light on the taxa, and we split Phyllomyias zeledoni and Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri) on the basis of morphological, vocal, and genetic differences.

In their assessment of the taxa, del Hoyo and Collar (18 del Hoyo, J., and N. J. Collar (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Close ), using the Tobias et al. (19 Tobias, J. A., N. Seddon, C. N. Spottiswoode, J. D. Pilgrim, L. D. C. Fishpool, and N. J. Collar (2010). Quantitative criteria for species delimitation. Ibis 152(4):724–746. Close ) criteria, form which the scores in brackets are derived, found Phyllomyias zeledoni differs in its olive-green versus dull bluish-gray crown (or, in case of subspecies viridiceps of Phyllomyias zeledoni, forecrown) [3]; lack of white supercilium [2]; and typical song or call (a repeated single overslurred “pseet”) comprising considerably lower [3] and slightly shorter [1] notes (13 Boesman, P. (2016). Notes on the vocalizations of Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri). HBW Alive Ornithological Note 137. In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Close ). In a detailed analysis of vocalizations of the two taxa, Parra-Hernández et al. (16 Parra-Hernández, R. M., J. I. Posada-Quintero, O. Acevedo-Charry, and H. F. Posada-Quintero (2020). Uniform manifold approximation and projection for clustering taxa through vocalizations in a Neotropical passerine (Rough-legged Tyrannulet, Phyllomyias burmeisteri). Animals 10(8):1406 Close ) found songs of the two were significantly different, and that the two were nearly sympatric in northern Bolivia, but seemed to segregate by elevation, with Phyllomyias zeledoni occurring at lower elevations and drier habitat. Harvey et al. (15 Harvey, M. G., G. A. Bravo, S. Claramunt, A. M. Cuervo, G. E. Derryberry, J. Battilana, G. F. Seeholzer, J. S. McKay, B. C. O'Meara, B. C. Faircloth, S. V. Edwards, J. Pérez-Emán, R. G. Moyle, F. H. Sheldon, A. Aleixo, B. T. Smith, R. T. Chesser, L. F. Silveira, J. Cracraft, R. T. Brumfield, and E. P. Derryberry (2020). The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Science 370:1343–1348. Close ) also recovered deep genetic divergence between the two taxa.

Along with Phyllomyias zeledoni, Phyllomyias burmeisteri was long placed in Acrochordopus because of distinctively serrated tarsus, but tarsal scutellation now known to be unreliable as generic character in this family.

Wetmore (10 Wetmore, A. (1972). The Birds of the Republic of Panamá. Volume 3. Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae (Woodcreepers) to Oxyruncidae (Sharpbills). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 150(3). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. Close ) treated the subspecies leucogonys as a distinct species, but in their analyses of songs, Parra-Hernández et al. (16 Parra-Hernández, R. M., J. I. Posada-Quintero, O. Acevedo-Charry, and H. F. Posada-Quintero (2020). Uniform manifold approximation and projection for clustering taxa through vocalizations in a Neotropical passerine (Rough-legged Tyrannulet, Phyllomyias burmeisteri). Animals 10(8):1406 Close ) found that leucogonys song grouped with the rest of zeledoni, and was not significantly different.

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EBIRD GROUP (MONOTYPIC)

White-fronted Tyrannulet (Zeledon's) Phyllomyias zeledoni zeledoni Scientific name definitions

• eBird map
• 11 photos
• 8 recordings

Systematics History

Formerly treated as conspecific with P. burmeisteri.

Distribution

Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriquí).

Identification Summary

Nominate subspecies has crown slaty gray, a narrow whitish supercilium, and a white eyering. The white of the lores connects across forehead. Mandible is pale pink.

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EBIRD GROUP (POLYTYPIC)

White-fronted Tyrannulet (White-fronted) Phyllomyias zeledoni [leucogonys Group]

Available illustrations of subspecies in this group

• eBird map
• 46 photos
• 18 recordings

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SUBSPECIES

Phyllomyias zeledoni wetmorei Scientific name definitions

Distribution

Santa Marta Mountains (20 Strewe, R., and C. Navarro (2004). New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 124(1):38–51. Close ) and Sierra de Perijá, on Colombia–Venezuela border.

Identification Summary

Subspecies wetmorei is darker overall.

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SUBSPECIES

Phyllomyias zeledoni viridiceps Scientific name definitions

Distribution

Mountains of northern Venezuela (Carabobo to Miranda).

Identification Summary

Subspecies <em>viridiceps</em> has slate-gray forehead, rest of crown olive-green.

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SUBSPECIES

Phyllomyias zeledoni bunites Scientific name definitions

Distribution

Chimantá-tepui, in southeastern Bolívar (eastern Venezuela).

Identification Summary

Subspecies bunites has a tiny bill, and the dark gray of the crown extends to the hindneck.

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SUBSPECIES

Phyllomyias zeledoni leucogonys Scientific name definitions

Distribution

Eastern Andes from Colombia south to southeastern Peru (northwestern Puno).

Identification Summary

Subspecies leucogonys differs from nominate in its larger bill, duller green back, and lightly paler yellow underparts with less prominent flammulations. Mandible is pale pink.

Phyllomyias zeledoni appears to be sister to Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri), with which it was formerly considered conspecific. Together, these two species appear to be sister to a small clade of three species, including Black-capped Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias nigrocapillus), Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias uropygialis), and Ashy-headed Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias cinereiceps) (15 Harvey, M. G., G. A. Bravo, S. Claramunt, A. M. Cuervo, G. E. Derryberry, J. Battilana, G. F. Seeholzer, J. S. McKay, B. C. O'Meara, B. C. Faircloth, S. V. Edwards, J. Pérez-Emán, R. G. Moyle, F. H. Sheldon, A. Aleixo, B. T. Smith, R. T. Chesser, L. F. Silveira, J. Cracraft, R. T. Brumfield, and E. P. Derryberry (2020). The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Science 370:1343–1348. Close ).

Nothing known.

The range of White-fronted Tyrannuletis broken up into five rather disjunt regions, each of which corresponds with one of the five recognized subspecies. It is found in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama, the Sierra de Perijá on the Colombian/Venezuelan border, the coastal mountains of n Venezuela, the tepuis of southern Venezuela, and the East Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (21 Wetmore, A. (1972). The Birds of the Republic of Panamá. Part. 3. Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae (Woodcreepers) to Oxyruncidae (Sharpbills). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 150(3). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. Close , 22 Hilty, S. L., and W. L. Brown (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close , 11 Stiles, F. G., and A. F. Skutch (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close , 23 Hilty, S. L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close , 24 Angher, G. R., and R. Dean (2010). The Birds of Panama. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York and London. Close , 25 Schulenberg, T. S., D. F. Stotz, D. F. Lane, J. P. O'Neill and T. A. Parker III. (2010b). Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition, Princeton Field Guides. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Close , 4 Ascanio, D., G. A. Rodriguez, and R. Restall (2017). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close , 26 Freile, J., and R. Restall (2018). Birds of Ecuador. Bloomsbury, London, UK. Close )

None reported.

Canopy of humid tropical and upper tropical evergreen forest, sometimes venturing to edges and older second growth. At 800–2800 m in Costa Rica (5 Garrigues, R., and R. Dean (2007) The birds of Costa Rica: a field guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. Close ) and 900-1850m Panama (27 Vallely, A. C., and D. Dyer (2018). Birds of Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ), 475–1800 m in Colombia, 100-1800m (usually above 800m) in Venezuela (4 Ascanio, D., G. A. Rodriguez, and R. Restall (2017). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ), 500–1500 m in Ecuador (28 Athanas, N., and P. Greenfield (2016). Birds of Western Ecuador: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, USA. Close ), and 750–1600 m in eastern Peru (29 Schulenberg, T. S., D. F. Stotz, D. F. Lane, J. P. O'Neill, and T. A. Parker (2007). Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ).

Apparently resident.

No information.

Food Capture and Consumption

An active forager, moving along the canopy or midstory gleaning and hover-gleaning. Joins mixed-species flocks containing other tyrannids (Tyrannidae), as well as foliage-gleaners (Furnariidae), parulids (Parulidae) and tanagers (Thraupidae), foraging mainly in midstory or subcanopy, but will descend much lower (28 Athanas, N., and P. Greenfield (2016). Birds of Western Ecuador: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, USA. Close , 4 Ascanio, D., G. A. Rodriguez, and R. Restall (2017). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Major Food Items

Arthropods, small berries, leafhoppers, but very poorly studied. No known differences from Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri).

Vocal Development

No information.

Vocal Array

Vocabulary is apparently very limited with a fast series of notes that could be named Song and the same note uttered singly which then could be described Call. Alternatively, given single notes are often given in long leisurely-paced series during early morning (suggesting a Dawn song), this vocalization could be named Song despite its lower complexity, the note series then a call type. We therefore avoid this terminology:

Note series. A fast series of some 4-12 high-pitched pseet notes, often slightly descending in pitch, and sometimes introduced by a few single pseet notes (see next vocalization). Pace of delivery 2.5‒3.0 notes/s (13 Boesman, P. (2016). Notes on the vocalizations of Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri). HBW Alive Ornithological Note 137. In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Close ). Such series is typically given only once.

Pseet. A single high-pitched overslurred note pseet, identical to a single note of the Song, and typically repeated several times at a rather steady slow pace. When birds are very excited, notes may become disyllabic psee-seet. Note duration 0.22‒0.37s, maximum frequency 6.4‒7.1kHz (13 Boesman, P. (2016). Notes on the vocalizations of Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri). HBW Alive Ornithological Note 137. In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Close ).

Other. Trills in interaction have been described (11 Stiles, F. G., and A. F. Skutch (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ), and a descending pseeuuuu longer than normal Pseet call (29 Schulenberg, T. S., D. F. Stotz, D. F. Lane, J. P. O'Neill, and T. A. Parker (2007). Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ).

Geographic Variation

Has been treated as conspecific with Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri). Vocalizations of both species are structurally very similar, but show a consistent difference in maximum frequency and note duration, without any indication of clinal change (13 Boesman, P. (2016). Notes on the vocalizations of Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri). HBW Alive Ornithological Note 137. In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Close , 14 Parra-Hernández, R.M. and H.D. Arias-Moreno (2019). Primer registro de Phyllomyias burmeisteri para la cordillera Central de los Andes colombianos, con comentarios en su variación acústica. Ornitología Colombiana 17: 1-7. Close ). There is thus an abrupt change in voice between populations of both species around the Peruvian/Bolivian border. Vocal variation among the various subspecies of present species has not been studied yet.

Phenology

Little information. Pseet and fast Note series have been recorded in most months of the year, but there may be regional differences.

Daily Pattern of Vocalizing

Long series of Pseet notes uttered at steady pace are uttered starting early in the morning (a possible Dawn song). Further during the morning, both Pseet notes and Note series can be heard. Less vocal the remainder of the day.

Places of Vocalizing

Typically calls when perched on a thin branch from mid-elevation to sub-canopy of trees.

Sex Differences

No information.

Social Content and Presumed Functions of Vocalizations

The species is not very vocal and rather uncommon, which makes it hardly surprising there is very little information. Uttering steady Pseet notes at dawn could have a territorial function. Different function of both daytime vocalizations unclear.

None documented.

Degree of Sociality

Typically singly, in pairs, or in small groups. Will join mixed-species flocks in the canopy and midstory (28 Athanas, N., and P. Greenfield (2016). Birds of Western Ecuador: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, USA. Close ).

Nest building in early August in Panama (30 Christian, D. G. (2001). Nests and nesting behaviour of some little known Panamanian birds. Ornitología Neotropical 12(4):327–336. Close ).

Site Characteristics

Nest sited 12m above ground on a horizontal canopy branch of a live tree, in a mossy area just before the branch forked (30 Christian, D. G. (2001). Nests and nesting behaviour of some little known Panamanian birds. Ornitología Neotropical 12(4):327–336. Close ).

Construction

A pair were observed bringing strands of moss during nest building. Both members of the pair were observed contributing to the nest, although one adult worked on the nest at a time. Birds would occasionally sit in the nest while working on it. One of the adults sang near the nest, but not actually on it, throughout the observation period (30 Christian, D. G. (2001). Nests and nesting behaviour of some little known Panamanian birds. Ornitología Neotropical 12(4):327–336. Close ).

Structure and Composition

Nest is a cup-shaped structure, apparently constructed solely of moss (30 Christian, D. G. (2001). Nests and nesting behaviour of some little known Panamanian birds. Ornitología Neotropical 12(4):327–336. Close ).

There is no information related to topics such as age at first breeding, life span and survivorship, dispersal, or population regulation for White-fronted Tyrannulet.

Very uncommon to rare, and local in Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru; uncommon to locally common elsewhere; perhaps often overlooked.

Not globally threatened (Least Concern).