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African Forest-Flycatcher Fraseria ocreata Scientific name definitions

Barry Taylor
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated February 17, 2017

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Field Identification

18 cm; 28–42 g (nominate), average 30–32 g (prosphora). Male nominate race has head and upperparts dark slate-grey, blacker on forehead and crown; lores and ear-coverts black; remiges black, outer webs edged slate-grey, upperwing-coverts brownish-black, edged slate-grey (especially on outer web); rectrices black, outer webs edged slate-grey; chin, throat and entire underparts white, with blackish crescents on lower throat, breast, flanks and upper belly (feathers of chin, lower belly and undertail-coverts have blackish bases); thighs blackish-grey, barred white; axillaries slate-grey, tipped white, underwing-coverts blackish, broadly edged white; iris olive-brown; bill black; legs blackish-grey. Differs from F. cinerascens in larger size, more distinct crescentic markings on underparts, no white around eye. Female has lores and ear-coverts browner than male, and forehead and crown less black. Juvenile has sooty-brown head and upperparts sparsely spotted rufous-brown, denser spots on lesser and median upperwing-coverts, white underparts narrowly and irregularly barred blackish on sides of throat and upper breast; immature like female, but retains apical rufous-brown spots on lesser and median upperwing-coverts. Race <em>prosphora</em> has forehead and crown slate-grey, like upperparts , and underparts less distinctly scalloped; kelsalli has paler, clearer grey upperparts than other races, head and mantle uniform in colour, underpart scalloping grey, iris dark brown.

Systematics History

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

See comments under F. cinerascens. Three subspecies recognized.

Subspecies


EBIRD GROUP (POLYTYPIC)

African Forest-Flycatcher (Western) Fraseria ocreata prosphora/kelsalli

Available illustrations of subspecies in this group

SUBSPECIES

Fraseria ocreata kelsalli Scientific name definitions

Distribution
extreme SW Guinea and S Sierra Leone.

SUBSPECIES

Fraseria ocreata prosphora Scientific name definitions

Distribution
Liberia, C and S Ivory Coast and S Ghana.

EBIRD GROUP (MONOTYPIC)

African Forest-Flycatcher (Eastern) Fraseria ocreata ocreata Scientific name definitions

Distribution

S Benin, C and S Nigeria, Bioko and S Cameroon E to W Uganda, S to extreme N Angola and C DRCongo.

Distribution

Editor's Note: Additional distribution information for this taxon can be found in the 'Subspecies' article above. In the future we will develop a range-wide distribution article.

Habitat

Primary and secondary evergreen forest, to 1600 m. Prefers dense, continuous mature forest, generally along watercourses; normally favours forest with closed, thick and high canopy, but occurs also at edges and in clearings. In secondary growth, occurs in riparian forest and final stages of regenerating forest on abandoned cultivation and plantations, where vegetation layers numerous and ill defined.

Movement

Sedentary, at least in NE Gabon, and presumably elsewhere.

Diet and Foraging

Mostly insects, including moths and hairy and smooth caterpillars (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), ants (Hymenoptera), winged termites (Isoptera), grasshoppers (Orthoptera), bugs (Hemiptera), dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), cockroaches (Blattodea) and mantids (Mantodea), flies (Diptera) and earwigs (Dermaptera); also spiders (Araneae), small seeds, small fruit; once a newly hatched small snake. Prey size 5–55 mm, mostly 15–45 mm. Found singly, in pairs or in parties of up to 20 individuals; in NE Gabon, average group size 7·2 birds, group occupies territory of c. 30 ha, moves steadily along, usually 200–250 m in 40–50 minutes, but may also intensively search small areas (0·25–0·5 ha). Regularly joins mixed-species flocks, less so during breeding season. Found in all vegetation levels, but apparently prefers canopy and emergents. Activity most intense in morning, decreases in afternoon, increases again in evening. Gleans foliage in crowns of trees and shrubs, and leafy liana tangles; hops along large branches, especially those covered with moss, lichens or epiphytes; typically adopts crouching stance with drooping or half-spread wings, swings hind part of body and makes lateral sweeping movements with closed and raised tail. Often unrolls leaves to take lepidopteran pupae. May also forage by sallying, mostly when taking winged termites and ants; also descends to ground to follow raiding army ants.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Vocal. Calls  mostly harsh and buzzing, including frequently uttered short series of buzzy notes interspersed with purer whistles; anxiety and alarm calls a chatter of 5–10 rasping notes; also has quavering “wruu hree hru”, rapid repeated “pink” and whistled “weew”. Song  melodious and varied, slightly quavering and with trills.

Breeding

Recorded in Jan and Nov (and adults with enlarged gonads Mar and Jun–Sept) in Liberia, Sept–Oct in Nigeria, Sept–Dec (and nest-building in Mar) in Cameroon and Oct–Mar in Gabon; females with enlarged gonads in Dec–Jun in DRCongo; juveniles in Aug and Dec in Ivory Coast. Monogamous or polygamous. Co-operative breeder, with helpers at the nest. Territorial all year; dominant male of group gives advertising songs, all non-juvenile group-members participate in territory defence. Nest built by several group-members, a bulky, coarse base of dead leaves (mostly shafts), rootlets and tendrils supporting a neat cup lined with small pieces of decaying leaf blades and bark, often bound with Marasmius fungus, external diameter 9–10 cm, internal diameter and depth 5·5–7·5 cm; placed 0·5–22 m above usually dry ground, in open cavity such as hole in trunk or stump, opened-up nest of woodpecker (Picidae) or barbet (Capitonidae), or cavity under epiphyte clump; sometimes between tree trunk and loose bark, or among detritus left by floods on tree or shrub branches; once in cavity on concrete mast of powerline. Clutch 2–3 eggs, laid at daily intervals; incubation by female only, period 17 days; hatching synchronous, chicks fed by all members of group, fledging period 15–16 days; young fed by group-members for at least 3 weeks after fledging. In NE Gabon, only three out of seven nests successfully fledged young; one clutch destroyed by storm. Lifespan more than 12 years.
Not globally threatened. Uncommon to frequent or common throughout range. Average density of 2·1 groups (16 individuals)/km² recorded in NE Gabon. No published evidence for range contraction, but destruction of forest habitat must have adversely affected this species’ numbers and distribution throughout its range. Occurs in several protected areas, including isolated population in C Nigeria at Nindam Forest Reserve, in Kagoro.
Distribution of the African Forest-Flycatcher - Range Map
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  • Year-round
  • Migration
  • Breeding
  • Non-Breeding
Distribution of the African Forest-Flycatcher

Recommended Citation

Taylor, B. (2020). African Forest-Flycatcher (Fraseria ocreata), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.afffly1.01
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