Audubon's Warbler (Setophaga auduboni)

Usually treated as conspecific with S. coronata, but differs in its yellow vs white throat, yellow extending less far back under ear-coverts (3); white wingpanel (usually but not always; ns); white spots on 4–5 vs 2–3 outer rectrices (2); lack or only trace of white supercilium (ns[1]); grey vs blackish ear-coverts (2); more complete grey breast with less blackish streaking (ns[1]); song with on average fewer notes at usually lower frequency (1) and call note distinctly upslurred vs sharply overslurred (2)#R; narrow hybrid zone (2). One record of hybridization (by nominate race) with S. graciae. S sedentary races nigrifrons and goldmani may represent two separate species, but nigrifrons is intermediate between nominate and goldmani (which is the most distinctive genetically)#R#R; one recent genetic study proposed that at least S. coronata, S. auduboni and goldmani should be treated as species, and nigrifrons either as conspecific with goldmani or as a fourth species#R. Proposed race memorabilis (described from Boulder County, in Colorado), considered indistinguishable from nominate. Three subspecies recognized.