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Luzon Hornbill Penelopides manillae Scientific name definitions

Alan C. Kemp and Peter F. D. Boesman
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated June 19, 2014

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Originally Appeared in

HBW Alive

Field Identification

45 cm; male 395–479 g, female 470–475 g. Small hornbill with prominently ridged bill. Male nominate race creamy on head, neck and underparts, blackish ear-coverts, cheeks and throat, dark brown upperparts and wings, pale band across tail; bill and small casque brown and black, pale yellow to pink ridges on both mandibles, and pale tip; bare skin around eye and on throat pinkish. Female smaller, all brown to black, tailband browner, circum­orbital skin blue, throat skin edged blue. Juvenile resembles adult of respective sex, but smaller bill dull brown. Race subniger larger, black with metallic sheen above, broader pale tailband.

Systematics History

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

Original spelling of species name seems to be “manilloe”, but appearance of diphthongs in original typescripts varies, and internal evidence from same work clearly indicates author’s intended name to have been “manillae”. Present species formerly considered conspecific with P. panini, P. affinis and P. mindorensis (see P. panini). Two subspecies recognized.

Subspecies

Monotypic.

Distribution

Philippines (Luzon, Marinduque and Catanduanes)`

Habitat

Primary evergreen dipterocarp forest in lowlands, riverine forest, and even single fruiting trees in grassland, at up to at least 900 m.

Movement

Apparently sedentary and territorial.

Diet and Foraging

Figs and other fruits recorded, but probably also eats insects and other small animals. Occurs in small groups of up to 15 birds.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

A repeated, nasal “tuc” or “ta-ruc”, often extended to “ta-ruc-tuc-tuc-tuc-tuc” (hence its onomatopoeic name).

Breeding

Lays in Mar–Apr. Monogamous, some with immature helpers from previous season, and territorial. Nest in natural cavity in large forest tree, once 10 m up and with cavity diameter 20 cm. Clutch 3–4 eggs, rarely up to 6; in captivity, eggs laid 1–5 days apart, incubation 28–31 days, chick skin pink throughout development, male fed female in nest by regurgitation of fruit and animal food, female emerged about same time as chicks fledged, fledging 50–65 days.

Conservation Status

Conservation status on Birdlife LC Least Concern
Not globally threatened. CITES II. Previously considered Near-threatened. ­Restricted-range species: present in Luzon EBA. Was formerly common on Luzon, and appears still to be so in remaining primary forest, especially on Sierra Madre, but elsewhere recent declines reported; occurs in Quezon National Park, Luzon. Primary forest much reduced on other islands, including Polillo (estimated population 1000 birds) and Patnanongan (50 birds), where race subniger now exists mainly in secondary forest. Still hunted for food and trade on Polillo, mainly during breeding season, with up to 80 hornbills shot at a time.
Distribution of the Luzon Hornbill - Range Map
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  • Year-round
  • Migration
  • Breeding
  • Non-Breeding
Distribution of the Luzon Hornbill

eBird and Macaulay Library

Recommended Citation

Kemp, A. C. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Luzon Hornbill (Penelopides manillae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.luzhor1.01
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