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Pale-faced Bare-eye Phlegopsis borbae Scientific name definitions

Kevin Zimmer and Morton L. Isler
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated January 1, 2003

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Introduction

All of the ‘professional’ antbirds, so-called because these species obligatorily follow army-ant swarms in search of prey, are much-desired ‘prizes’ among birdwatchers visiting Amazonia, but perhaps none of these species is more highly coveted than the Pale-faced Antbird. It is endemic to an apparently small range within south-central Amazonian Brazil, where it inhabits the understory of lowland terra firme forests in the Madeira–Tapajós interfluvium. It is best sought by listening for other obligate ant-followers, in order to locate an ant swarm, and then waiting quietly and patiently to see if this species is also in attendance; however, the Pale-faced Antbird always appears to be uncommon to rare throughout its relatively small range. Until recently placed in the monotypic genus Skutchia, which was named for Alexander Skutch, the Pale-faced Antbird has recently been returned, on the basis of molecular evidence, to the genus Phlegopsis, in which it was originally described, and where it resides with the two bare-eyes.

Field Identification

16·5–17·5 cm; 50 g. Both sexes have elongated white feathers on forehead and lores; crown dark rufous, patch of stiff black feathers above eye, post-ocular area whitish; upperparts dark olive-brown, back with scattered black bars; wings chestnut, a few black spots on coverts; tail blackish-brown, browner at base; throat and breast cinnamon-rufous, band across upper belly barred black and white, posterior underparts dull brown.

Systematics History

Previously separated in monotypic genus Skutchia on basis of significant plumage differences, but recent molecular study (1) indicates that it is sister to P. nigromaculata and should therefore be returned to Phlegopsis. Monotypic.

Subspecies

Monotypic.

Distribution

SC Amazonian Brazil from E bank of middle/lower R Madeira (S to E bank of R Roosevelt (2) ) E to W bank of middle/lower R Tapajós (S to E bank of lower R Aripuanã).

Habitat

Understorey of humid lowland evergreen forest (terra firme), to 150 m. Territories near Borba were situated in upland forest with notable abundance of understorey palms.

Movement

Presumed resident.

Diet and Foraging

Not well known. Feeds on arthropods, probably also small lizards, almost all of which obtained when flushed by swarms of army ants. Pair-members, individuals, or family groups forage mostly 0–1 m above ground, occasionally ascending to 3 m to survey ant swarm before dropping low to forage; does not associate with mixed-species flocks, but often forages in presence of other species at army-ant swarms. Considered an obligate army-ant follower, most commonly following swarms of Eciton burchelli; behaviour not well known, but reportedly similar to that of Rhegmatorhina, Phlegopsis and Gymnopithys. Perches mostly 10–40 cm above swarm on slender vertical saplings (on which it pitches, yaws and pivots with great adroitness) or on horizontal perches; sallies or pounces to seize prey, then rapidly returns to a perch before ants can counter-attack. Reputed to be more sedate in its movements than other obligate ant-followers, and more prone to hopping on ground at edge of swarm. At sites near Coatã and Sucundari (Amazonas), aggressively defended the most productive central zones over ant swarms, dominating over smaller antbirds such as Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi, Phlegopsis nigromaculata and Willisornis poecilinotus, as well as larger dendrocolaptids such as Plain-brown and White-chinned Woodcreepers (Dendrocincla fuliginosa, D. merula) and Amazonian Barred and Hoffmann’s Woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptes certhia, D. hoffmannsi).

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Loudsong a brief series (e.g. 3 notes, 3·2 seconds) of long, slightly downslurred whistles, each diminishing in pitch and intensity, sometimes third whistle eliminated or inaudible. Calls include loud “psit”, a descending “chirr” diminishing in intensity, and a series of deep short notes delivered rapidly and usually descending in pitch.

Breeding

Virtually unknown. Nearly grown juvenile accompanied pair of adults at ant swarm on 12th Apr, indicating nesting in middle of rainy season. Courtship feeding has been reported.
Not globally threatened. Status not well known; appears to be uncommon to rare within its small total range. Considered highly sensitive to human disturbance. Principal protected stronghold is Tapajós National Park (994,000 ha), which is large enough to support a viable population; this park is highly threatened by gold-miners, squatters and, probably most seriously, hydro-electric development of the Tapajós Basin; effective protection of the park is critical to continued survival of this species, as well as that of Rhegmatorhina berlepschi. It may be most common in vicinity of Borba (the type locality), and has recently been found at a number of locations in this region, including to S along R Mapiá; none of this area is adequately protected, and human settlement and resulting deforestation are increasing. Establishment of one or more reserves in this region is highly desirable, and would also help to protect significant populations of other regional endemics such as Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi and Buff-cheeked Tody-tyrant (Hemitriccus senex). Surveys are required in order to understand the natural history and the precise distribution of this thamnophilid.
Distribution of the Pale-faced Bare-eye - Range Map
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Distribution of the Pale-faced Bare-eye

Recommended Citation

Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Pale-faced Bare-eye (Phlegopsis borbae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pafant1.01
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