Southern Red-shouldered Macaw (Diopsittaca cumanensis)

Commonly placed in genus Ara. Hitherto considered conspecific with D. nobilis, but differs in its all-whitish vs black or horn-stained black upper mandible (3); larger size as exemplified by bill, which is broader across the top (effect size for bill length 2.44, score 2); barer face, resulting from entirely bare nares and area between nares and eye vs nares part-covered with black bristles and feathers of forecrown wrapping around base of bill to below nares, filling area between nares and eye (2); green of hindcrown extending forward more to mid-crown, thus shaping the blue of forehead into narrow supercilium (1). Two subspecies recognized.